Percutaneous nephrostomy is performed to drain urine from a kidney. It is usually performed when a ureter is blocked, and urine cannot leave the kidneys

Dialysis fistulas or grafts require close surveillance and often need angioplasty or the removal of a clot to keep the dialysis access functional.

Antegrade pyelography is a diagnostic test performed to create detailed X-ray images of the kidneys and ureters with the help of a contrast dye. This